Routine Activity Theory Essay Example for Free

Routine Activity Theory EssayRoutine bodily function theory is a sub-field of rational choice-0 and criminology-1, developed by Marcus Felson-2 and Lawrence E. Cohen-3. Routine activity theory says that evil-4 is normal and depends on the opportunities available. If a target is non protected enough, and if the reward is worth it, offense will happen. Crime does not need hardened offenders, super-predators, convicted felons or wicked people. Crime just needs an opportunity. The basic premise of routine activity theory is that most crimes are picayune theft-5 and unreported to the police-6. Crime is neither spectacular nor dramatic.It is mundane and happens all the time. An otherwise premise is that crime is relatively unaffected by social causes such as poverty-7, inequality-8, unemployment-9. For instance, after World War II-10, the economy of Western countries was booming and the Welfare states were expanding. During that time, crime rose significantly. According to Felson and Cohen, this is because the prosperity of contemporary society offers so frequently opportunities of crime there is much more to steal. Routine activity theory can also help explain the dramatic rise in crime during the 1960s.Due to the increase in female participation in the labor market, the homes are left without a capable guardian as adult caretakers at home during the day decreased. Furthermore, rapid growth of suburbs and the decline of more traditional neighborhood, led to the decline of informal controls that would have once existed with a tightly-knit neighborhood. Lastly, with the baby-boom generation-11 coming of senesce in the 1960s to the 1980s, it amounted to an excessive number of motivated offenders and crime rate predictable increased in a similar manner.With such changes in the nuclear family, more and more youths were lacking supervision, especially when twain parents worked outside the home the number of temptations increased for youth to turn on crimes. 1 Routine activity theory is controversial among sociologists who believe in the social causes of crime. But several types of crime are very well explained by routine activity theory including copyright infringement-12, cerebrate to peer-to-peer file sharing-13, employee theft-14, and corporate crime-15.For crime to be committed, three aspects are needed 1) A Motivated Offender 2) A Suitable Target 3) The Lack of a Capable Guardian Lack of a capable guardian can range to anything that would make a suitable target easier to victimize. From a person walkway alone, to a poor police presence, to anyone else who would reject a motivated offender from offending in that circumstance. It should be noted that the guardian does not have to be a person at all, nor does the suitable target there are many examples of objects and environmental designs that act as a guardians or credential measures to deter motivated offenders as well.This branches into the realm of CPTED-16 (crime prevention t hrough environmental design) where seemingly small measures like the addition of lights, fences, better locks, open or visible areas and security cameras act as the capable guardian and can prevent crime against a suitable target, in this case a building, park or other areas. 1 Furthermore, crimes rate if generally proportional to the number of motivated offenders, such as teenagers and unemployed people, in the population. Of course, motivation can be lowered when legitimate performer are available for offenders to achieve their goals.Motivation can increase, when the option of crime is the only viable choice available for an offender to achieve their goals. Another determent that influences the routine activities that produces crime is the moral beliefs and socialization of the offender. If a person has been socialized to hold conventional beliefs, even in the presence of criminal opportunities, offenders would refrain from crime. such is the strength of social bonds that serve as a buffer to counteract the lure of criminal activities.A criticism of routine activity theory states that opportunities to commit crime by youth do not generally lead to a crime committed when the parental controls are missing. Also suggesting that routine activity fails to ignore other theories in relation to the causes of crime, such associal learning theory-17. Another criticism of this theory says that even though opportunities for crime are high when both parents are involved in the workforce, crime can also be displaced to an area where there is low supervision by parents. Meaning regardless of situation, crime will still occur.

Capital One Case Study Essay Example for Free

Capital One Case Study Essay1. What is Capital Ones occupancy and who ar their competitors?Capital Ones business deals with a bank financial servicing lodge. They specialize specifically in banking, credit cards, home loans, auto loans and savings overlaps. Capital One was founded by Richard Fairbank and Nigel Morris in 1988. Fairbank spunkyly focused on the marketing and customization of credit card use and education. The gild is very analytical and is very technological when gathering data information. They were basically put together centering around the idea of technology within the company itself. Some of their direct competitors would be against Bank Of America, American Express and Barclays bank. 2. What is their strategy to grow profitably and compete? Give examples.Capital One was put together with technology right at the core of their business. This makes them different from their competitors since well-nigh other companies had a business model first before te chnology was every involved. The technological part of their company is very important since they use it to try out and comprehend their customers characteristics such as credit risk. This is basically their way of improving customer service and to increase profitability. Fairbank developed a data machine that was equal to access a customer risk factor from each product as well as detect fraud. At Capital Ones point of inception, the online talk was making its way in our society so the company focused on highly internet marketing. This strategic action lead to 2.5 millions customers signing up as this online banking systems was the new and improved way to make payments.3. How do they use information to implement their strategy? What kinds of information do they use and where does it come from?They vastly use their information system and technology to help during day to day activities. Their main use of this information is to analyze customerdata and make abstract suggestions an d choices regarding their marketing strategy. They implement many sieves and have used their idea of diving up their customer population by segmenting their data. This was a success and was a high profit for capital one.This lead to their improvement of customer relationships since they had vast information of them and had technology that could easily access and identify their customers through a digital fingerprint. This company focuses on personal information from their customer base to make decisions and access which one of them will be able to pay them back after a loan. One of the ways capital one has access this information is through the post offices file and other checking agencies as well. Capital one basically takes information from any pertinent source that can provide thus with reliable data.4. List and describe the information technologies used to certification their strategy?Information-based strategy company focuses on high credit risklow credit risk this helps the m comprehend their customers data and to make sure that their choices are made with those people who are actually going to pay them back their information-based system put ons and analyzes the information which helps them market to their customers as it attracts various aspects of customers needsData Warehouse Mining Infrastructure this is to support their information based system while having shared communication between different branches Their offices in UK and US can have clearly make ideal decisions since they can both have access to each others databaseTrillium Software This software analyzes their customer data with such intelligence that it is used to help them with lowest decision making It is also used for customer service support5. Describe their notion of a scientific test. Contrast this approach to product development and launch with a more traditional approach that a manufacturing company might use.Capital Ones scientific test was used with their software to col lect test data information while enhancing the data they already had as well. They used this software to analyze and collect information from potential customers. They conducted over 45,000 tests at one point which helped them comprehend customer information while identifying any fraudulent activity as well. They grew every day and had millions of customer signed up online at the end. Capital One had a great relationship with their IT department since technology was part of its core competencies. Fairbank even allowed anyone to propose an idea for a test if it was profitable looking enough. This showed that the company wanted to involve each and every employee to work with them on their marketing strategy.The process for product development occurs when an idea is started, to the introduction and then with the actual product being manufactured and engineered. Capital One way of working with this process involves having their marketers research and access the information and data to run into their customers tendencies and preferences. A more traditional approach that a manufacturing company may use is having Capital One is started with a strict business model and then having to computerize it later on. Everything is first manually done and analyzed in this case. The technology and use of software would be used later on in terms of Capital Ones informational strategies.

Impact Of Volcanic Activity On The Environment

Impact Of Vol provideic Activity On The EnvironmentThe research examines the have-to doe with of vol kindleic sm alterer on the environment and on society. The work aims at exploring four disparate types of volcanic good time, the negative and imperative impact of volcanic attack and the health and galosh measures during and after volcanic clap.A total of cardinal questionnaires were sent out to friends, staff and students of Cambridge education group, twenty responded with officeful information which has influenced the content of this research. The questions includes, control you invariably experienced volcanic eruption in your country, the positive and negative impact of volcanic eruption.The comment they made inside the defined range was critic totallyy analysed by the author by making reference to secondhand bloodlines .It was found that the eruption in Iceland was a composite volcanic eruption which lead to closure of several aerodromes around the world.Volcanic er uption has a scourge effect on our society and could lead to way out of lives, income and properties.ivINTRODUCTIONThe name volcano has its inventory from the word Vulcan, a god of fire in Roman mythology. Most people instantly think that a cone shaped mountain with smooth steep slopes, perhaps with a snow cover peak and a ring of smoke rising skyward. The description is accurate nevertheless applies to only one type of volcano which is the stratovolcano. Although there atomic number 18 early(a) types that differ in more manners from stratovolcano, whatever volcanoes ar composed of long, gentle slopes often covered with fertile soil while near pass no vertical structure instead composed of a depression hundreds of yards deep and extending over several miles.The shape of volcanic structure is clear trace of the type of bodily process carried on by the volcano .A volcanoes type of activity is alike related to the chemical and physical properties of magma produced. Maur o R(2003)1.1PRODUCT OF VOLCANISMVolcanism in Iceland results from divergent plate impulsion across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and excessive production of magma in the North Atlantic Mantle plume Freysteinn (2006)The product of volcanic eruption ar lava, gases and fall apart material such as modify which is derived from molten rock called magma .Magma is a molten matter of silicate study. Silicon is the main constituent of close minerals and rock in the Earths crust and also contains dissolved gases which is less dense than solid rock and tends to work it way upwards finished fissures .lava is a magma that has erupted at the surface.The term lava applies both to the molten material and to the rock that forms after magma has cooled and hardened. Schminike ( 2004)1.2 BACKGROUND OF STUDYIn the 9th deoxycytidine monophosphate AD, the Vikings settled in Iceland and established a council that put down its first historical volcanic eruption .The heroic tale was written in the 12th and 13th centuries after a third of the population died from smallpox and in 1783-1784, Laki eruption killed a-fifth of the remaining population by famine. Iceland gained sovereignty from Denmark in 1981 and completed independence in 1944Recently,the Eyajallajokull volcano which is known as the iseland-mountain underglacier, situated in the southern Iceland erupted spectacularly on the 14th of April 2010 ,after having been dormant for al about 5000years .During this eruption ,the subglacial eruption produced a large ash tree plumes that drifted over Europe and forced an in patronise closure of airspace in Europe and another(prenominal) countries .The Iceland owe its existence to a large volcanic hot spot sitting on a mid-ocean ridge .The plate boundary amidst the American and Eurasian tectonic plate crosses Iceland from the south to the compass north and spreading process can be instantly measured and observed on land .Chimu (2010)1.3AIMS AND OBJECTIVESVolcanic eruption in Europe can cause severe prostitute in localized areas. This can be seen in Iceland, a country prone to volcanic eruption. Volcanic eruption has the ability to irreparably injure plant and animal ecosystems and also tender social environments. This report seeks to explore the types of volcano, the positive and negative impact of volcanic eruption.This report bequeath also show the health and safety measures during and after volcanic eruption.22.0 LITERATURE REVIEWThe Authors below has discussed the phenomenon on the previous volcanic eruption on different locations. This has been incorporated by the author in understand of the recent volcanic eruption in Iceland.According to Grattan et al (1991) historical document from A.D ,1783 demonstrated that volcanic gases emitted in an eruption in Iceland did have a severe effect on both the physical and human environment within Europe.The Laki volcanic eruption in southern Iceland in 1783, resulted to in high spirits wash up of haze which we re felt all over Iceland .The damaging effect led to destruction crops and vegetation, cultivated crops and vegetation were burnt and withered by acid precipitation. Caseldine (2009) come on Pinatubo is a volcano that stands 5770 feet, which is located in Philippine along the coordinates 15oN,1200E. The eruption in climb up Pinatubo on the 15th of July was the second largest most violent volcanic activity in the twentieth century after being dominant for over 500 years .The action led to the release of nearly 20 million tons of pyroclastic debris which actually resulted to the destruction of to a greater extent than 200,000 acre of land and also gave rise to major casualties and damage.This includes the death of more than 700 people and destruction of more than 200,000 homes. Yacove ( 2003).In the morning of May 18th ,1980 Mount St Helens erupted a pyroclastic material which constituted a hot pumice and ash. Approximately 400 meter of the mountainside blew outward that morning. Ab out 60 square kilometres of the neighboring valley was filled with debris.The explosive eruption of Mount St Helens caused the death of over 50 people .Allan (2003 )Kilauea is lacated between the southeast and it is the spot where all fighting(a) volcanoes in the entire Hawaiian chain occurred,perhaps the worlds most active volcano . Kilaueas frequent eruption makes the crater a great study site for volcanologists. In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is also the home of Pele,the Hawaiian volcano goddess. During the nineteenth century the eruption occurred more often and have contributed to the Kilaueas reputition, both as a geologic site of wonder and as spiritual site of logical implication to some residents of Hawaii Allan( 2003)The stramboli volcano in Italy is archytype for strambolian activity (carniel and lacop 1996) another feature of this volcano is the presence of continous volcanic tremor (Ripepe and Gorder1991) .About twice a year the volcanic eruption that occurred showed p aroxysmal activity that effected tourist visiting the volcano( Jaquet and caniel 2001)33.0 METHODOLOGYThis research has been conducted by the author through the use of primary and tributary sources .Primary data were achieved by survey, interviewing people both verbally and online on the account to the recent volcanic eruption that occurred in Iceland and previous eruption in other countries. A total of thirty questionnaires were issued out to students, tutors, administrators and an expert on the field of structural geology. The information received were critically analysed and incorporated into the report.Secondary sources were evaluated from two different research trends which are quantitative and qualitative analysis. These analysis were established by making reference to books from the library, journals, articles and also e-books such as goggle scholar ,goggle books were employ .Data collected from these material were re-examined by comparing, evaluating both information from primary and secondary data44.0 VOLCANISMThe frequency, magnitude and kind of volcanic eruption are apt(predicate) to change in the future. The earth has been formed about 4.6billion years ago with consistent occurrence of volcanic eruption. Each year about one-tenth of the active volcanoes on earth erupt. One in every six of the active volcanoes on earth has led to loss of lives and properties as a result of this activity , cities and region has been devastated.Disastrous volcanic eruptions are characterised by rapid onset of their climatic phase and by a wide variety of eruptive doings and effects. High and low temperature particularly mass flows of different types, such as debris, avalenche, pyroclastic flows and debris flows but also including atmospheric transport of ash for hundreds of killometres ,during a dynamic eruptions, huge masses of gasses are released into the stratosphere ,forming aerosol that globally effect the climate and the ozone layer for years.Volcano are cer tain to increase in future the reason are manifold. Schimike(2004)4.1. CAUSES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONA volcano is composed of three basic elements. A vent through which volcanic material erupt. A conduit which is the passage that allows magama to separate out the surface of the earth and a reservoir or magma chamber deep in the earth crust. All volcanic eruption are not alike, some eruption are quiet with lava slowly oozing from a vent .Other eruption are very violent with lava and other materials being injected hundred miles into the air. Gases from within the earth interior mix with huge quantities of dust and ash and rise into the air as a great dark vitiates that can be seen from many kilometres away. Some dark coloured lava is thin and runny and tends to flow as well.Explosive eruption are caused when lava in the vents hardens into rock.Steam and lava build up under the rocks when the air pressure of the steam and new lava becomes great, a violent explosion occurs as a result of internal pressure within the rock.Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments.A volcanic eruption have been known to knock an entire forest ,furthermore an erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis,flashfloods,earthquakes,mudflow and rockfalls. After Floyd (2000)4.2 TYPES AND COMPOSITION OF ventholeES at that place are different kinds of volcanoes which are classified based on the shape of the volcano ,the materials they are built of and the way the volcano erupt .The author will explain four different types of volcano which are grouped as1. Strato volcanoes2. Cinder cones volcanoes53. Shield volcanoes (which are also called shields)4. Lava dome volcanoes3.2.1 strato volcanoesThe stratovolcanoes are also known as a composite volcanoes. Magma moves to the surface from its source miles below the crust and often changes in composition. There are different types of magma which are associated with different types of volcanoes. Basaltic m agma, which comes from deep within the mantle undergoes little chemical changes during the process of volcanism. During this process some amount of roving allows the magma to let-off its gas safely. The resulting landforms are clinker cones and shield volcanoes. In stratovolcano,magmas chemical composition may change to a more saccharine type.The chemical composition will eventually be responsible for the creation of volcanic rocks which are different from basalt.The three most common rock types found in strato volcanoes ,with variations in their composition are rhyolite,decite and andesite.Andesite has similar composition to basalt but has more percentage of silica content than basalt ,however Rhyolite on the other hand ,is more identical in composition to its parent rock while Decite is the middle in terms of composition. The rock types serve a purpose in composite eruption because it tells geologists the source of magma and the phase of eruption. The composite volcano are compos ed of virtually all the material a volcano can eject from a vent and the materials accomplish piles up to form steeply sloping cone of the volcano. Prisciantelli (2004)4.2.2 CINDER CONE VOLCANOESCinder cones are one type of volcano or volcanic landform. They are associated with subsurface contact which amounts to their volatility.Magma on the perish of a chamber is loaded with gas during the process of volcanic activity.The pressure from the gases subsequently necessitate to the explosiveness of the eruption while at the bottom of the chamber the pressure is less and magma tends to flow through a break in the cone. Furthermore when gases are thrown in the air during eruption the lava shatters and hardens to small cinders and ash which piles up around the vent. In addition the cinder cones are usually steep-sided and the top of the cone has a bowl shape which are small in size.The typical behaviour of a cinder cone is an eruption from a vent in the earth, concurrently, cinders are being accumulated to form the cone ,followed by a possible break at the base of the cone from which lava flows. The cinder is used for construction and also seperated by snowplows during winter to improve driving on icy roads.Prisiantelli(2004)64.2.3 SHIELD VOLCANOESThe shield volcanoes are another type of volcanic structure but are much broader than cinder cones, generally covering large areas. Lava constantly flows through the vent and they do not produce cinders, ash like the cinder cone volcanoes. The shield volcanoes are not as explosive and destructive as composite and cinder cone volcanoes .However they are harmful to anyone they come in contact with and also their lava flow covers a wider range of distance .The lava has multiple flows while one is hardening the other tends to begin and run over the top of the initial flow. In this manner, the volcano builds outward into a broad slope, its structure is high and wide and often covers many mile during this activity. The slope i s more sluggish than that of the composite or cinder cone volcano. Shield volcanoes has a similarity with that of the cinder cones in terms of basalt lava composition. The rock type of the shield volcano is andesite and the unsound flow is different from the basaltic flow. Pisiantelle(2004)4.2.4 LAVA DOMES VOLCANOESLava domes volcanoes are less common and are also known as volcanic domes and plug domes which are steep-sided, bulb-shaped mountain that forms when viscous felsic magma and occasionally intermediate magma, is forced toward the surface. When pressure below the chamber is great , the felsic magma tends to move gradually. This is as a result of the sticky magma that are contained in a chamber.Some cited examples of a lava domes volcanoes was an occurrence in Washington which began in the year 1980 on Mount St. Helens. A number of lava domes were buried in the crater of Mount St. Helens and most of these were destroyed during subsequent eruptions. Since 1983, Mount St. Hel ens has been characterised by occasional growth and renewed eruption in 2004.More so in June 1991, a lava dome in japan, the unzen volcanoe collapsed under its own weight which caused debris to flow and also hot ash that killed 43 people during the eruption.The lava domes eruptions are among the most violent and destructive. In 1992 on Mount Pele on the island of Martinique, viscous magma accumulated at the highest point of the Pele and eventually pressure increased until the side of the mountain blew out with a huge explosion which led to the high discharge of dense cloud of pyroclastic materials and a glowing cloud of dust called the Nuee ardante (glowing cloud in French).The explosion also led to swirling cloud of white-hot ash and gases with an internal temperature of 700 degree celsius that consumed everything in its path. Subsequently, Nuee ardent passed through7St.Pierre within two or three minutes ,followed by a firestone as an ignitable material which burned and exploded. A pproximately 28,000 resident of the city died during this action. According to Wicander (2008)85.0 THE IMPACT OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION( CASE STUDYICELAND VOLCANO 2010)Iceland has a high concentration of active volcanoes due to unique geological conditions. There are about 130 mountains of volcanic origin,18 of which have erupted since the colonization. A high amount of volcanism is concentrated along the plate boundary ,which runs across the island from the southwest to the north west. In the south and southwest regions of the island we find the Hekla, Eldgja and the Laki craters, also the Arafajokull and Snafellsjokull. Eyjafjallojokull is situated to the north of skoger and to the west of Myradalsjokull .Hooper (2010)Geologist explain the high concentration of volcanic activity in Iceland by a combination of the island position on the mid-atlantic ridge and volcanic hot spot underneath the Eurasian and North American plates. More so Icelandic eruptions are famous for their massive vol ume of erupted ashes and for vast lava outflows.The most common type of volcanoes are the composite volcanoes which spread over vast areas of the country and usually arranged in chains. Over the last 500years Icelands volcanoes have ejected about one third of the total global lava output ,although the Laki volcano in southern Iceland which erupted in 1783 and was classified as the largest erupted lava since the Icelands colonization .The most recent volcanic eruption in Iceland began on the 14th of April at the Eyjafjallokull mountain .Geologist explained during the eruption ,that the activity of the volcano increased incessantly, spewing a plume of ash which was approximately 5.3 miles high into the atmosphere. Thousands of leaks were cancelled with millions of travel plans affected. During the incidence it was estimated that shutting down the United kingdoms airspace alone for a week incurred addled of over 100 million pounds. More so parentage plans and those involved in impor tation and exportation of goods were disrupted. The global cost of the disruption, resulted in a loss of billions of pounds.Hooper (2010)5.2 PRIMARY ANALYSESQuestionnaire survey detailed in the report will help to influence some of the content of this report, other influences will be interviews both verbally and online. Although it was difficult to draw conclusions from some of the responses particularly the open-ended response.This investigation was carried out on friends lectures and also on students and staff of the Cambridge education group ,between 4th July to eleventh July 2010A total of 30 people were advised to fill in a questionnaire and out of the 30 people ,the number of responses from both online and paper questionnaire at the time of this research totalled 20 and out of the people that responded 18% were males while 12%,were females. The age-group of these participants ,27% were under 40 whereas 3% were above 40.Question 8,on the questionnaire was, have you ever experie nced volcanic eruption in your country. A total of 27% partakers s uphold No, while 3% said yes.Furthermore , question 10 was ,do u think that volcanic activity has a negative impact on the economy of a country. 30% of the respondents said yes and there reasons were, it can affect business activities by giving rise to delay on production services and that volcanic eruption may defer tourist and cause a divvy up of damages to properties ,vegetation and livelihood. Smoke haze will cause or necessitate delays both on residents and visitors going for tourism and other important activities . Most airports expertness likely to be shut-down during this activity. More so most manufacturing industries that rely on importation and exportation will put a halt on their activities there by affecting income generation and revenue enhancement for the government and private sector as a whole.Question 12 , was about the positive impact of volcanic eruption.27% of the respondents said that volcani c eruption, only has negative impact whereas 3% out of the respondents who said Yes, provided information within the defined range. The comments they made were that ,many years after volcanic eruption it could aid tourism and also produce interesting geographical and historical features. Furthermore,ash which is a product of volcanism enriches the soil when it is being deposited at the surface of the earth. In addition new rocks are formed from magma and can be used for infrastructural development. The analysis is shown on table 25.3 FINDINGSThe preceding chapters focused on the origin ,composition and types of volcanoes. More so, on the procedures and analyses of primary data to meet the requirement of the author.This chapter will analyse further on the negative and positive impact of volcanic eruption on society in relation to primary analyses. This has been achieved through secondary sources.Depending on the type of eruption and its location, volcanic eruptions has overwhelming e ffects through a number of displays. The negative impact includes, the high release of haze during eruption ,which leads to destruction of crops and vegetation from acid precipitation.Caseldine( 2009).Pyroclastic resulting from eruption and can cause ample damage depending on the size of the layer deposited. A Thickness which is less than 1mm will act as irritant to lungs and eyes and also lead to closure of airport due to the potential to aircraft and contaminate water within the area. While a layer of ash with thickness between 1-5mm will cause minor damage to buildings and blocking air filters. This can also lead to electricity cuts due to conductivity of wet ash. A layer of ash which is about 5 -10mm will destroy crops and pastures, causing light weight buildings to collapse and also effect rail transport through signal failure. After Gottsamann (2008)Furthermore,a cited example of the negative impact was the eruption in Laki which is located in southern Iceland in the year 1983 .When lava poured out from a total of 135 newly opened cratars, it was estimated that during this eruption some half billion tons of11toxic gases was expelled into the atmosphere and killed over 16,000 people and slughter about 60% of cattle in island. After Gottsamann (2008).Volcanic eruption deposit materials (ash) on the surface of the earth and after a long period of time due to physical and chemical changes ,the ash provides nutrient to the contact soil. Volcanic soils are potentially fertile as the ash can contain trace element beneficial to the growth of plant .This can comparatively encourage high population and intense agriculture within the area. Volcanoes are often located in region where there is high agricultural production. Volcanoes, provides strikingly natural beauty which can attract tourist .An example demonstrated is the volcanic eruption which occurred between 1963-1965 in costa rica ,called the Irezu volcano. The eruption was reported to be responsible for 4.3 % increase in the number of tourists between 1963-1964 . Indirect economic benefit can also be initiated in response to the indications or curse of imminent volcanic eruption. Further example, was the volcanic activity that took place at Rabaul papua , New Guinea between 1983 and 1985 which led to a number of improvement to foundation on that location.This includes advancement of air-strips, road and bridges ,water and power supplies ,health facilities and communications .However during this growth , intellectual nourishment production increased as a number of people cultivated food gardens outside the danger zone.After Gottsamann ( 2008)126.0 HEALTH AND SAFTY MEASURES DURING AND AFTER VOLCANIC ERUPTIONWHAT TO DO DURING VOCANIC ERUPTION1. During volcanic eruption,it requires immediate evacuation to a safer location ,rock debris ,lava flows and ash will make the area around the volcano dangerous to anyone that stays2. If instructed to evacuate follow the directions of the authoriti es.3. Evacuate to an area upwind and higher demesne .Flash floods, mud and poisonous gases will accumulate in low lying areas4. If you are unable to evacuate ,seek shelter indoors and make sure all windows and doors are locked to keep ash out .5. Store all vehicles and equipment inside a garage and leave them, until the eruption has ended.6. If you must go outdoors use goggle to protect your eyes and use a face mask or hold a damp cloth over your face to aid breathing.7. Avoid falling volcanic ash ,cover your mouth and nose and wear long-sleeves to avoid irritation or burns on the skin.8. If you are in a vehicle keep the engine switched off. Avoid driving when ash is fallingheavily as driving will stir up more ash that may clog your vehicles engine. Bickley (2010)WHAT TO DO AFTER VOLCANIC ERUPTION1. Minimise your movement and keep all windows and doors closed.2. Always ensure the safety of yourself and your family before responding to the needs ofothers. Do a headcount to make sure the members of the family are safe and sound.3. Check for injuries,do not attempt to move seriously hurt person unless they are inimmediate danger of death or further injury.4. Drive slowly and carefully with your lights on.5. Remove ash from your roof,more than ten centimetres of ash may be enough for yourroof to collapse.136. Hose down outside with a little water to dampen the ash .This helps to keep it fromblowing around. Bickley (2010)147.0 CONCLUSIONIn the assessement of the impact of volcanic eruption on the society and environment ,it was found that volcanic eruption are not alike ,some are quiet while some are violent ,This action depends on the internal pressure exerted on lava. The pressure necessitates gases and rocks to shot up through a vent and conduit and fill the air with lava fragments. It can be seen that the recent volcanic eruption in Iceland on eyjafjallolojokull province was a composite volcanic eruption which has ejected about one third of the total global l ava output over the past 500years .The recent volcanic activity in Iceland occurred within a month and resulted to a loss of billions of pounds around Europe.The sudden violence of volcanic eruption causes catastrophe and devastation on the environment .This includes destruction of buildings, crops and vegetation. Could also lead to flight and vital activity delayedThe findings also indicate that volcanic eruption has more negative impact on our society and these could affect income generation and revenue for the government and private sector.

Audible Clicking Sound in Psychogenic Palatal Tremor

Audible Clicking Sound in psychogenic Palatal aweAbstractPalatal disquietude, commonly called palatineized myoclonus, is a rare movement disorder characterized by Adonic contractions of the soft palate and associated with inconsistent objective tinnitus. It may be categorized as symptomatic, of the essence(p) or psychogenic. Mostly it is symptomatic because of lower-ranking damage in intellectstem or cerebellum rarely it can be crucial in the absence of brain lesions. We describe a case of young son, who presented with palatalizedised tremor with objective tinnitus. Most of the movement disorders may set up suspicion of psychogenic nature and vice-versa, however, this case highlights the need of careful history and keen observation of movements.Key Words Palatal tremor Palatal myoclonus Psychogenic disorder Objective tinnitusIntroductionPalatal tremor is in any case known as palatal myoclonus. The term palatal tremor is appropriate because it correlates better with the neurophysiological study. It is a rare movement disorder characterized by rhythmic contractions of soft palate and associated with variable audible clicking voice. It may be classified into essential, symptomatic or psychogenic type. Mostly palatal tremor is symptomatic because of secondary damage in brainstem or cerebellum. Rarely, it is categorized as essential in which no brain deviantity is identified. There have also been reports of psychogenic palatal tremor in association with other neuropsychiatric indispositiones 1.Case PresentationAn 18-year-old boy born out of non-consanguineous marriage with normal birth and developmental milestone, presented with loud audible clicking sound and abnormal palatal movement for six months. These movements used to refuse during stress and improve with sleep. He had no abnormal behaviour, mood disorders, seizures or abnormal limb movement. There was no history of similar illness or psychiatric disorder in family members. The oropharyngeal scrutiny showed abnormal high frequency (approximately 100 Hz) palatal movement on both sides Video. There was associated rhythmic contraction of soft palate, tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini muscles. These movements were associated with loud audible clicking sound (tinnitus). During examination, suggestion (inducing by thought of it) and distraction (mind diversion by concentrating on tug and cognitive functions alike performing complex movements, reading, thinking or calculations) methods were used to demonstrate voluntary hold of these movements. The patient was asked to voluntarily reverse and induce these movements. Surprisingly, he was able to suppress and induce these movements. Cumulative examination findings (suggestibility, distractibility, worsening during stress, suppression during sleep) demonstrated voluntary control of palatal movement. Rest of the findings including general physical, otolaryngological and neurological examinations were unremarkabl e.Complete blood count, blood serum biochemistry including transaminases, lactate and pyruvate, ammonia, ceruloplasmin and copper levels, plasma amino acids, thyroid function tests and antinuclear antibody (ANA) were normal. Slit lamp examination did not show K-F (KayserFleischer) ring. Audiometry and electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain with thin cuts focusing on brainstem Figure 1 and MR angiography were normal. The patient was uncooperative for electromyography (EMG) study. Psychiatric opinion including fine psychological analysis was obtained. Finally, a diagnosis of psychogenic palatal myoclonus was made. He was counselled along with placebo therapy. He was asymptomatic at discharge. After six months followup, he is symptoms free.DiscussionPalatal tremor, also known as palatal myoclonus, is an abnormal movement of the soft palate. The term palatal tremor is more appropriate because it corresponds better with the electromyographic (EMG) char acteristics of the rhythmic movements. It may be classified into essential, symptomatic (secondary) or psychogenic. Deuschl et al described that the movement of the soft palate is due to contraction of tensor veli palatini muscle in essential palatal tremor and contraction of levator veli palatini muscle in secondary palatal tremor 2, 3. The contraction of these muscles result in closure of eustachian tubes and produce audible clicking sound.Essential type of palatal tremor mostly occur in children. The patients with essential palatal tremor ordinarily have an audible ear clicking sound (objective tinnitus). Although essential palatal tremor has a benign course and ordinarily disappears spontaneously, it is very annoying for the patient as well as to the bystander due to continuous audible clicking sound. The brain is normal in essential palatal tremor. It is usually bilateral and disappears during sleep. The etiopathology of essential palatal tremor is not known. Fernandez-Alvare z classified essential palatal tremor under transient primary movement disorders of childhood 4.The symptomatic or secondary palatal tremor is mostly seen in adult males. It is usually associated with hypertrophy of the inferior olives however, its precise role in causing palatal tremor has not been established 5. It can be a consequence of trauma, infections, encephalitis 6, degenerative lesions, vascular, Krabbes disease 7 or tumors of the cerebellum 8 or brainstem. Usually, there is no associated audible tinnitus and movements persist during sleep. It is usually unilateral and associated with neurological deficits.Many movement disorders raise suspicion of psychogenic nature and vice-versa palatal tremor can also be a part of psychogenic spectrum. Few cases of psychogenic palatal tremor have been described in the literature 9, 10. The closest differential diagnosis is essential palatal tremor, which may have audible clicking sound, disappear during sleep and have normal neuroimag ing studies. Voluntary inhibition of palatal tremor is also executable in some cases of essential palatal tremor 11. Psychogenic palatal tremor often have various psychiatric symptoms (anxiety disorders). These movements are characterized by variable frequency, increased during stress and attention, suppression when distracted disappear during sleep, marked improvement with placebo and psychotherapy. During examination, suggestion (inducing by thinking of it) and distraction (mind diversion by concentrating on cognitive and motor functions like thinking, reading, calculations or performing complex movements) methods can be used on patients to demonstrate voluntary control of these movements. Our patient had acquired special motor skills to both induce and suppress voluntarily rather than inhibition of involuntary movements. These showed complete voluntary control of movements and suggested a psychogenic etiology. The underlying psychiatric illness is a conversion disorder in most o f the cases described in literature. The possibility of essential palatal tremor is ruled out by detailed clinical, psychological and laboratory examination. Our patient improved abruptly on suggestion, placebo and psychotherapy.Psychogenic palatal tremor is a treatable disorder. A detailed psychoanalysis should be an essential part of management 12. The patient should be managed with a combination of psychotherapy, anxiolytics and antipsychotic drugs. The psychogenic palatal tremor usually responds well to placebo and psychotherapy.ConclusionPalatal tremor is attributed to organic lesion of the brain however, occasionally it may be due to psychogenic etiology. In our patient, movements were intermittent used to worsen during attention, suppress during distraction and voluntary control on suggestion. All these features suggest psychogenic palatal tremor. Here we emphasize the detailed clinical and psychogenic evaluation of the patient and need for psychiatric intercession in these cases.Figure and Video LegendsFigure 1. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain with contrast showed normal study. T1-weighted (a), T2-weighted (b), Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) (c) and T1-contrast (d).Video Clip. The oropharyngeal examination showed high frequency (approximately 100 Hz) palatal movement on both sides. There is associated rhythmic contraction of soft palate, tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini muscles. These movements are associated with loud audible clicking sound (tinnitus). During examination, suggestion by thinking of it and distractions in form of mind diversion by concentrating on motor and cognitive functions like performing complex movements, reading, thinking or calculations were used to demonstrate voluntary control of these movements. He was able to suppress and induce these movements voluntarily.References1. Richardson SP, Mari S, Matsuhashi M, Hallett M. Psychogenic palatal tremor. Mov Disord.200621(2)274276.2. Deuschl G, Toro C, V alls-Sol J, Zeffiro T, Zee DS, Hallett M. Symptomatic and essential palatal tremor. Clinical, physiological and MRI analysis. Brain. 1994117(Pt 4)775788.3. Deuschl G, Mischke G, Schenck E, Schulte-Mnting J, Lcking CH. Symptomatic and essential rhythmic palatal myoclonus. Brain. 1990113(Pt 6)16451672.4. Fernndez-Alvarez E. Movement disorders in children Recent advances in management. Indian J Pediatr. 200976(5)531536.5. Lapresle J. Rhythmic palatal myoclonus and the dentato-olivary pathway. J Neurol.1979220(4)223230.6. Baram TZ, Parke JT, Mahoney DH. Palatal myoclonus in a child Herald of acute encephalitis.Neurology. 198636(2)302303.7. Yamanouchi H, Kasai H, Sakuragawa N, Kurokawa T. Palatal myoclonus in Krabbe disease. Brain Dev. 199113(5)355358.8. Deuschl G, Jost S, Schumacher M. Symptomatic palatal tremor is associated with signs of cerebellar dysfunction. J Neurol. 1996243(7)553556.9. Schwingenschuh P, Pont-Sunyer C, Surtees R, Edwards MJ, Bhatia KP. Psychogenic movement disorde rs in children A report of 15 cases and a review of the literature. Mov Disord.200823(13)18821888.10. Richardson SP, Mari S, Matsuhashi M, Hallett M. Psychogenic palatal tremor. Mov Disord.200621(2)274276.11. Samuel M, Kleiner-Fisman G, Lang AE. Voluntary control and a wider clinical spectrum of essential palatal tremor. Mov Disord. 200419(6)717719.12. Campistol-Plana J, Majundar A, Fernandez-Alvarez E. Palatal tremor in childhood Clinical and therapeutic considerations. Dev Med Child Neurol. 200648(12)982984.1

Apparel Brand Research Project Prada

App arl Brand Research Project PradaBRAND OVERVIEWPrada was founded in 1913 by Mario Prada, Miuccia Pradas grandfather, in Milan. Located in the prestigious Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, Prada was an goop, stylish store selling luggage, accessories and luxury goods, in fine materials and of forward-looking workmanship.The Milan store pronto became a firm favourite with the Italian aristocracy and the most sophisticated members of the European elite. In 1919 Prada received the warrant of Official Supplier of the Italian empurpled Household, and since then has been able to display the royal Savoy coat of arms and figure-of-eight knots alongside the comp some(prenominal) logo.Miuccia Prada and Patrizio Bertelli started working together in the late 70s, laying the foundations of the multinational expansion that was to come. Patrizio Bertelli broke new ground in the luxury goods sector, introducing a new business model in which he kept direct, internal falsify over all processes, applying uncompromised quality criteria across the entire production cycle. Miuccia Pradas creative talent and avant-garde approach attracted the attention of the global fashion industry, while her aptitude to serve at the introduction from an unconventional vantage point allowed her not only to anticipate, just now quite oftentimes, to set new trends.The classic Prada suitcase was make of heavy walrus skin but as plane travel make heavy suitcases impractical, the company started to make lighter bags and high quality items made of crystals, tortoise shell and wood. They besides sold garments of waterproof fabrics to the U.S. However the company had gone into decline in the 1970s.1950 Miuccia Prada was born. By her mid-20s she had a doctorate in political information and in her 30s, she was a communist. In 1970 she started making backpack bags out of waterproof fabric called Pocone.1979 She took over the Prada family business. Since gross revenue were down, she expanded into l uxury tote bags and backpacks in scorch with flat classic lines, made from nylon.1985 She launched a line of footwear for women and her prototypical pret-a-porter clothing line, using high quality fabrics. Her clean lines gave her fame, and she came to be known for under-stated exquisite garments.1993 She received an International award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America.1995 She won Designer of the Year award.1998 Prada opened their first menswear shop in Los Angeles, USA. They also opened new Prada stores in Manhattan and Las Vegas, as well as Miu Mius first North American boutique, in Los Angeles.Prada is now a worldwide empire, with stores in practically e real country in the western world. It is a million-dollar concern, with every celebrity wearing Prada clothes.2. NATURE OF BRAND AND ITS TARGET MARKETThe Prada cross targets an external customer base that is modern, sophisticated, attuned to stylistic innovations, and expects foxiness of the highest quality. The brands iconic trademarks, which are readily recognized around the world, incorporate the Savoy coat of arms and Savoy figure-of-eight knot, reflecting its heritage as an official supplier to the origin Royal family of Italy. Introduced in the 1980s, Pradas famous black nylon bag with the signature triangle logo has been an enduring classic, with twain the nylon bag and the logo becoming icons in the brands history.The Prada brand represents the best of Italian culture and tradition, sophisticated air and uncompromising quality, and as one of the most innovative fashion brands are capable of re-defining the norm and place new trends. Prada also captured the attention of literary and cinematic audiences when the novel The Devil Wears Prada was first published in 2003, and then was made into a movie in 2006. The Prada brands distinctive originality is built on its unique approach to style, trade and constant innovation in materials and designs, as we unceasingly exert creat ivity in the training of fashionable designs, sophisticated fabrics and innovative production techniques.At the heart of the evolution of fashion, we believe Prada has been a sophisticated interpreter of its times and a forerunner of style and trends. Prada is a premium brand. It is very high quality which unfortunatly comes with a substantially high price tag. 2.1. PRADA GEOGRAPHICAL SEGMENTATIONUnder geographical segmentation, product or service is divided accordingly to geographic units, such as nations, states, regions, countries, cities or neighbourhoods.Directly operated stores, including the epicentres, are designed, constructed and managed in accordance with precise guidelines location chosen are among the most prestigious.2.2. PRADA PSYCHOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATIONPsychographic segmentation divides the market into groups base on social class, lifestyle and individual(prenominal)ity characteristics.The PRADA brand targets an international customer base that is modern, sophistic ated, attuned to stylist innovations, and expects craftsmanship of the highest quality.3. RETAIL DISTRIBITION CHANNELSPrada, Miu Miu, Churchs and Car Shoe products are sold by two distribution channelsThe retail channel, represented by the single-brand stores (including the three Epicentres) directly operated by the company, which currently account for approximately 78% of sales the independent channel of multi-brand stores, department stores and franchises (so called sell).This distribution solution enables the aggroup to have a front line in the most exclusive points-of-sale which are either single-brand or multi-brand worldwide. The Groups commercial strategy is based on a selective analysis of the potential of respective(prenominal) markets, an innovative approach and rigorous control of display and presentation criteria, and a continuous search for original sales concepts. Prada has always pioneered new solutions combining design, architecture, and engine room to create e nvironments that not only encourage sales but also communicate its unique strong brand identity and the cultural influences and values of the Prada world in a consistent and homogeneous way.Towards the end of the nineties, Prada decided to redefine the concept of shopping and enlisted the help of pioneering architects of international renown, Rem Koolhaas and Herzog de Meuron, recent winners of the prestigious Pritzker Prize. The impression of this partnership was the trigger of the Prada Epicenters areas and buildings which have rapidly acquired landmark status both local anestheticly and internationally. Pradas Epicentres have not only transformed the concept of shopping but have also fused it with cutting edge technology and a multitude of cultural stimuli, offering customers a whole range of unique experiences and exclusive services. There are currently three Prada Epicentres one in SoHo, New York (designed by Rem Koolhaas in 2001) an another(prenominal) in Aoyama, Tokyo (Her zog de Meuron, 2003) and the third in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles (also by Rem Koolhaas, 2004).Directly operated stores, including the three Epicentres, are designed, constructed and managed in accordance with precise guidelines location chosen are among the most prestigious and the personnel is selected and practised to provide customers with an exclusive treatment.This type of store contributes to maintaining a very close relationship with customers, providing immediate information about the market trend. Moreover, direct-sale stores also provide very valuable support for the brand, acting as t feel ambassadors communicating the Prada scene consistently and uniformly all over the world.Prada manages the independent shops and department stores channel based on selective distribution and a well-defined strategy of control aimed at maintaining outstanding quality and high volumes, ensuring consistency in merchandising and monitor sales performance. Franchise shops are located in sp ecific markets where this form of retail is imposed by local legislation or custom, and entail partnerships with local entrepreneurs with an excellent knowledge of the relevant market.The wholesale channel, besides ensuring the brand benefits by a series of shop windows in particularly significant positions in place markets, enables a direct and immediate comparison to be made with the competitor brands. Therefore, the sales trend through the independent channel represents a very multipurpose indicator of the consumer trends and brand strength.3.1. PRADAS FALL CAMPAIGN IS ALL ABOUT MODERN FEMININITY AND NEW FACESThe way fashion houses describe their collections and ad campaigns can often sound like pure nonsense. But the person responsible for announcing Pradas fall 2015 campaign did a pretty good job of summing it up as an elegant, humorous ode to meta-modern femininity.Like the collection itself, the campaign shot by Steven Meisel is very pretty, but odd. Theres a sense of is olation in the arrangement of the models, who do not look at or touch each other but stare at an unspecified object off-camera. Theres also a feeling of youth and newness provided by a cast of fairly new faces, including Avery Blanchard, Estella Boersma, Inga Dezhina, Lineisy Montero, Ine Neefs, Greta Varlese and Maartje Verhoef, all of whom have walked the runway for Prada and/or Miu Miu this past seasons.Prada has a knack for casting promising models fairly front in their careers, so while some of them already have a campaign or two under their belts, expect to see these girls even much in the coming seasons. Montero, whom everyone started talking about when she walked in the brands fall 2015 show, has already landed a Teen Vogue cover.4. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSWebsite as a whole and all material on this Website, as well the Prada trademark, are owned and registered by Prada S.A., a company with registered office at 23 rue Aldigren, L-1118 Luxembourg.Prada website is operat ed by Prada S.p.A., an Italian corporation having its principal place of business at Via Antonio Fogazzaro 28, 20135 Milan, Italy, operating holding company of the Prada Group.Prada S.A. and Prada S.p.A. are collectively referred to as PRADA Prada S.p.A. and its subsidiaries will be collectively referred to as Prada Group hereinafter.All trademarks and logos, whether registered or not, displayed on the Website, including but not limited to the Prada trademark, as well as all the other distinctive marks connected with PRADA and reproduced on the Website, are and will remain the exclusive property of Prada S.A.. These trademarks may not be used in connection with any product or service that does not originate with PRADA, in any port that is likely to cause confusion among users, or in any manner that disparages or discredits the Prada name and trademark and the products bearing the Prada trademark. Prada website and all the cloy included therein, including, but not limited to, all t exts, information, data, images, icons, photographs, illustrations, multimedia content (graphic, audio and video), charts, indices, descriptions, data, software, hypertext markup language codes and screens contained therein and the like (hereinafter collectively Content), is owned by or licensed to PRADA and is subject to protection by international intellectual property laws, including, but not limited to, rights in the nature of patent rights, copyrights, trade secrets, trade names, trademarks, service marks, moral rights, know-how and any other similar rights recognized under laws or international conventions in any country or jurisdiction in the world. All materials contained in this Website, except for the e-store section, are displayed for informational or promotional purpose only. Subject to these basis and Conditions of Use, and except as otherwise indicated on the Website, you may access, download, copy, store, manipulate, reformat, print or display any Content to which yo u have obtained authorized access solely for your in the flesh(predicate) use and not for business purposes. You may not otherwise download, copy, store, manipulate, reformat, print, display, publish, transmit, distribute, create a derivative work from, resell or make any other use of, the Website, or any Content contained therein.No right, title and/or interest deriving from or pertaining to the Content, material or software of the Website may be deemed assigned to or acquired by you as a result of your use of the Website. You agree to accept and abide by all copyright or trademark notices and other notices contained on the Website and in the Content. All rights are reserved in all countries worldwide.People aware that the Prada products are sold exclusively at Prada monobrand stores, at prestigious multi-brand stores and points of sale belonging to Prada S.p.A.s selective retail network, outlets belonging to the Prada Group and in the e-store section of the Website which is only available in certain countries, as fail specified on the Website. Any purchase outside of these points of sale is entirely at the purchasers risk, in particular with regard to the authenticity of any such purchased items.http//www.prada.com/content/dam/external/terms-conditions/EU-EN.pdf5.OWNERSHIP UPON BRANDMiuccia Prada is the co-CEO and lead designer of the handbag and fashion empire Prada, in which she has a 28% stake. In 1977 Miuccia and her siblings Albert and Marina inherited the family fashion business, founded in 1913 by their grandfather. Miuccia met Patrizio Bertelli, who ran a luxury leather company, at a Milan trade show in 1977 and signed him on as a contractor. A stratum later, they were married and Bertelli joined the company, taking care of the business side of things while pushing Prada into new directions. He serves as co-CEO with Miuccia, and his stake in the company also makes him a billionaire. In 1986 Prada opened its first store in New York and expanded be yond high-end suitcases, handbags, and steamer trunks. A few social classs later, the company uncover a ready-to-wear womens collection and a second brand, Miu Miu. Miuccia, who has a Ph.D in political science from the University of Milan, took the company world with Bertelli in Hong Kong in 2011.5.1. BOARD OF DIRECTORSOur table consists on nine Directors, of whom four are executive Directors, two are non-executive Directors and three are independent non-executive Directors.The ordinary shareholders meeting of 26 May 2015 decide to appoint the Board of Directors for a term of three financial years. The boards mandate will therefore expire with the shareholders meeting to be convened for the approval of the financial statements for the year ending 31 January 2018.The below shows the current members of the Boards of DirectorsMazzi, Carlo -chairperson and executive conductorPrada Bianchi, Miuccia -chief executive officer and executive directorBertelli, Patrizio chief executive of ficer and executive directorCozzani, Alessandra -chief financial officer and executive directorCereda, Maurizio -non-executive directorSimontacchi, Stefano -non-executive directorMattei, Gian Franco Oliviero -independent non-executive directorForestieri, Giancarlo independent non-executive directorLiu, Sing Cheong -independent non-executive director5.2. SHAREHOLDERS STRUCTUREAs of 31 January 2015, the shareholder structure of Prada S.p.A. is composed as follows6. LICENCES AND JOINT VENTURESEyewearIn 2000 the PRADA Group developed its first Prada and Miu Miu branded sunglasses, and in 2003 it signed a licence agreement with Luxottica Group, a world leader in eyewear. Under the creative supervision of Miuccia Prada and Patrizio Bertelli, Prada coordinates the conception, design, styling and communications for all collections, while Luxottica has exclusive worldwide rights to the production and distribution of Prada and Miu Miu sunglasses and eyeglasses.not only is this an important b usiness agreement, but it is also an excellent example of comprehensive cooperation in creativity, style, production and distribution between two of Italys foremost industrial groups.FragrancesIn 2003, an agreement was entered into with Puig Beauty Fashion Group, one of the worlds largest producers of cosmetics and fragrances, creating a joint venture for the production, distribution and development of Prada perfumes.Here, too, Prada is actively involved in the various phases of product, creation and development as well as communications, while responsibility for production and worldwide distribution is in the experienced and highly qualified hands of Puig.In 2004, after lengthy and thorough research by Miuccia Prada in cooperation with some of the most qualified noses in the world, Amber the first Prada perfume for women was created. Greeted with unanimous critical and public acclaim, PradaAmber perfume has enjoyed encouraging commercial success in all markets where it has bee n presented. In 2006 Prada unveiled its first mens fragrance, Prada Amber Pour Homme, marking the birth of the first Made in Prada perfumes family under the amber scent.A new perfume for women, Infusion dIris, was launched in 2007, which was the key to developing a series of complementary, innovative and personal products for bodycare and for the home. From this new pillar a collection of limited edition fragrances was derived the Ephemeral Infusion Collection that includes Infusion de Fleur dOranger, Infusion de Tubreuse and Infusion de Vtiver.In 2011, Prada Candy, the third pillar of the Prada fragrances, is launched. A newperfume for women that highlights the funny aspect of the brand also in the beautysector.Mobile telephonesIn 2006, the PRADA Group entered into an agreement with LG Electronics, one of the world leaders in mobile telecommunications technology, to develop an innovative and iconic mobile telephone. By leveraging their respective skills, Prada and LG explored all o f the products aspects together, both in terms of the contents (for example software, user interface and music), and in terms of the presentation (from the design to the packaging) the partnership created the Prada Phone by LG, a unique, sophisticated and elegant telephone, the first in the world to have an interface that is completely touch screen.The Prada Phone by LG was launched in March 2007 in Italy, Great Britain, France and Germany, and later on on the principal Asian markets and in Latin America. The products high qualitative and innovative content enables a significant commercial success to be achieved, with more(prenominal) than 1,000,000 mobile telephones sold.In October 2008 Prada and LG launch the second phone, another quantum leap in mobile phone innovation and design, thanks to ultra-thin keyboard and new enhanced technological features.In December 2011, Prada and LG unveiled the partnerships latest smartphone, the Prada phone by LG 3.0 that combines Pradas distinc tive style with LGs innovative technology, including one of the biggest and brightest screens in the world with 4.3inch and 800-nit screen.7. PRODUCT LOGISTICSProduct distribution is handled through five central warehouses, four in Italy and one in UK. It is managed by a group division which coordinates product storage, shipping and distribution, as well as arranging transport and customs procedures.Central to the Prada Groups distribution strategy is the development of its retail channel in all markets, both consolidated and emerging, focusing in particular on nations with high harvest-festival potential.The Groups distribution network extends across 70 countries, counting 551 directly-operated stores (at 30 April 2014), which form the backbone of the Groups international expansion strategy, and a selection of department stores and multi-brand retail spaces in the most significant cities and stylish locations.The reasons for this strategy are many not only the DOS are the control ling showcase for newly-launched collections, but they also offer a direct relationship with customers and provide real-time feedback on how each product category is performing. Over and preceding(prenominal) their primary role as a sales point, DOS also represent an important communication tool real embassies of each brand, they portray their image in a clear and consistent manner.Direct sales account for about 83% of consolidated revenues while the remaining 17% is generated by the wholesale channel (multi-brand retail spaces and department stores 16%), from franchising (about 1%).8. NET SALES OF PRADA8.1. NET SALES ANALYSIS(amounts in thousands of Canadians)ended January 31, 2016ended January 31, 2015% change sort out sales of directly operated stores (DOS)4,344,81986.30%4,232,86583.90%2.60%Net Sales to independent customers and franchisees631,34912.50%756,21415.00%-16.50%Royalties61,6661.20%54,3291.10%13.50%Net revenues, total5,037,835100.00%5,043,408100.00%-0.10%8.2. NET SALES OF DIRECTLY OPERATED STORES (DOS)ended January 31, 2016ended January 31, 2015% changeNet sales of DOS by geographical areaItaly12.80%11.90%10.70%Europe21.80%21.60%3.30%Americas13.40%13.10%5.00%Asia Pacific35.30%37.90%-4.40%Japan13.20%12.20%10.70%Middle East3.40%3.10%11.50%Other countries0.10%0.10%41.40%Total100.00%100.00%2.60%8.3. PRADA GROUP FIGURESwww.prada.com/ company profileFEBRUARY 20169. big(p) OR MARKET VALUE9.1. INCOME STATEMENTYear on year Prada SpAs net income fell -26.59% from 634.04 million to 465.46 million despite relatively flat revenues. A contributing factor has been an increase in the selling, general and administrative costs as a percentage of sales from 48.33% to 54.41%.Gross margin72.12%Net benefit margin8.76%Operating margin12.92%RevenueNet IncomeReturn on assets6.05%Return on equity9.71%Return on investment7.59%9.2. BALANCE tackYear on year, growth in dividends per share remained flat while kale per share excluding extraordinary items fell by -26.59%. Ad ditionally, five year annualized earnings per share growth is in-line with the industry average relative to its peers.Current ratio22.24Quick ratio1.48Total debt/total equity0.3183Total debt/total capital0.24029.3. exploitation RATES Year on year, growth in dividends per share remained flat while earnings per share excluding extraordinary items fell by -26.59%. Additionally, five year annualized earnings per share growth is in-line with the industry average relative to its peers.Dividends Per ShareDiv yield (5 year avg)0.24%Div growth rate (5 year)Payout ratio (TTM)99.03%Earnings Per ShareEPS growth (5 years)

Humanity Educating Philosophy :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Humanity Educating PhilosophyABSTRACT In what follows, I focus on the partiality and f bothibility of each of us as individuals, and explore what that means for us as epistemic agents. When we examine the tradition of Western European thought, we note that most epistemological theories assume individuals can last the answer, and are able to critique what is passed down to others as socially constructed knowledge. Many adopt made the contestation that while humanity can be deceived, maven individual can know, and wherefore give instruction the others about their deceptions and false beliefs. I argue that because we are embedded and embodied social beings who do not have transcendental, objective, Gods eye views of the world in which we live, we need each other to help us be potential knowers able to make knowledge claims. Others help us become aware of our own situatedness and help us develop enlarged views. Rather than sentiment that individual philosophers, credentialed expe rts in their field of study, know more and therefore have knowledge they can teach humanity, I argue that all of us, as members of humanity, have much that we can teach each other. My position is that it is totally with the help of others that we are able to know anything. IntroductionThe theme of this conference is Paideia Philosophy Educating Humanity. What I address as my topic is What humanity can teach philosophy. In particular, I focus on the partiality and fallibility of each of us as individuals, and explore what that means for us, as epistemic agents. I argue that because we are embedded and embodied social beings who do not have transcendental, objective, Gods eye views of the world in which we live, we need each other to help us be potential knowers able to make knowledge claims. Others help us become aware of our own situatedness and help us develop enlarged views. Rather than thinking individual philosophers, with credentials as experts in their field of study, know m ore and therefore have knowledge they can teach humanity, I argue that all of us, as members of humanity, have much we can teach each other. My position is that it is only with the help of others that we are able to know anything.Ever since Plato made the argument that each one of us has all knowledge in our souls, that each of us already knows all truth (the Forms), but that when our soul inhabited a body it forgot and so it must spend a lifetime remembering what it already knows, (1) he set the tone for the Western European world to administer how it is that each one of us knows truth.

Abortion and the Destruction of America :: Persuasive Essay, Argumentative

Abortion and the Destruction of America Israel was Gods chosen people. He picked them out and distinguished them from the pagan goy nations in order to be a special witness to His own holiness. Israel received the Law, the promises, and the covenant. They received great blessings from God. But what happened? They grew comfortable and complacent. Rather than reforming the pagans, they conformed to the pagans. The prophets were chosen by God to call Israel back to covenant faithfulness. Isaiah was one of the first prophets. He recites a song for the Israelites. My friend had a vinery on a plenteous hillside He spaded it, cleared it of stones, and planted the choicest vines within it he built a watchtower, and hewed out a winepress. indeed he looked for a crop of grapes, but it yielded light grapes... What was Isaiah talking about? He was prophesying the destruction of the Northern Kingdom, which would fall in a few short years to the brutal Assyrians in 722 BC. The Israelites of the ten northern tribes were in effect obliterated. They did not heed Gods call for repentance. A little over 200 years ago, God planted an another(prenominal) vineyard. In this vineyard there was fertile, abundant land there was political emancipation there was a the bright promise of a democratic republic in which life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness were constitutionally promised to each person. This vineyard was founded on high ideals, indeed. The vineyard is, of course, the U.S.A. And so, 200 years ago, what has been called the American Experiment was launched. God planted this vineyard. He gave us the wonderful nation in which we live, and made ample provision for much fruit to be borne. Today, God looks to the U.S.A. to see the fruit it has yielded--to see the grapes. What leave alone He find? Hell find abortion on demand--about 1,600,000 babies aborted a year (thats over 4,000 a day). Hell find euthanasia--one state has legalized it already, more are itching to follow. Then there is the decline of the family -- about one in two marriages end in divorce. Theres a degenerate pop-culture that glorifies illicit sex and violence. There is the billion-dollar porn industry, which has explode since the Internet. There is last years presidential scandal, at which time the highest-ranking government official lied under oath and was impeached by the House, using lies to cover up other lies in a sordid media escapade.